ABNORMAL BELIEFS
DELUSIONS is defined as an abnormal belief that is
1. Held with absolute conviction
2. Not amenable to reason or modifiable by experience.
3. Not shared by those of a common cultural or social background.
4. Experienced as a self-evident truth of great personal significance.
5. Usually false.
The main form of abnormal beliefs is the delusion, Delusion can be Primary and Secondary.
PRIMARY DELUSIONS are rare and appear suddenly and with full conviction but without any preceding mental events .For example,a patient on being offered a glass of wine suddenly believes that this indicates that he is jesus christ.
SECONDARY DELUSIONS are derived from a preceding morbid experience ,such as a depressed mood or an auditory hallucination.
delusions are also classified according to their content,and include persecutory delusions, delusions of reference i,guilt,worthlessness,nihilism, religious delusions, and delusions of grandeur,jealousy or control.These are further defined when discussed in relation to specific conditions.
Feelings,thoughts or actions may also be interpreted by the patient as being under the control of some external power.Such passivity experiences are first rank symptoms and are regarded as diagnostic of schizophrenia.Patients may develop secondary delusions that explain this alien control as a result of witchcraft ,hypnosis,radio waves or television - so called delusions of passivity.
Delusions should be disintinguished from over valued ideas-deeply held personal convictions that are understandable when the individual's background is known.
Ideas of refernce that fall short of delusions are held by people who are particularly self-conscious. Such individuals cannot help feeling that people take particular notice of them in public places ,laugh at them or pass comment about them.Such a feeling is not delusional in that individuals who experience it realize that it originates within themselves and that they are no more noticeable than anyone else,but neverthless cannot dimless the feeling.
Delusions are also categorised according to their content, and allow persecutory delusions, delusions of reference, guilt, worthlessness, nihilism, religious delusions, and delusions of grandeur, enviousness or control. These are further defined when discussed in traffic to specific conditions.
Feelings, thoughts or actions haw also be interpreted by the enduring as being under the curb of some external power. Such passivity experiences are first surpass symptoms and are regarded as diagnostic of schizophrenia. Patients haw develop alternative delusions that explain this outlander curb as a result of witchcraft, hypnosis, broadcasting waves or television – so-called delusions of passivity.
Delusions should be distinguished from overvalued ideas – deeply held individualized convictions that are understandable when the individual’s background is known.Ideas of reference that fall short of delusions are held by grouping who are particularly self-conscious. Such individuals cannot support feeling that grouping take portion attending of them in public places, laugh at them or pass interpret about them. Such a feeling is not delusional in that individuals who experience it actualise that it originates within themselves and that they are no more noticeable than anyone else, but yet cannot modify the feeling.
Detailed studies of grouping who have old the Capgras delusion (the delusion that certain another people, usually close relatives, have been replaced by impostors) have led to advances in constructing an account which crapper deal with the base symptomatology, testing alternative possibilities, generating and testing non-trivial predictions, and increment the scope of the base account to encompass another delusions. This paper outlines these developments. It uses them to explore implications for understanding the manufacture and maintenance of beliefs, and to discuss base principles of what has come to be famous as cognitive neuropsychiatry.
Recent investigations into cognitive abnormalities associated with persecutory delusions. Studies indicate that persecutory delusions are associated with deviant tending to threat-related stimuli, an explanatory bias towards attributing perverse outcomes to outside causes and biases in aggregation processing relating to the self-concept. We declare an integrative model to statement for these findings in which it is hypothesized that, in deluded patients, activation of self/ideal discrepancies by threat-related aggregation triggers antitank explanatory biases, which have the function of reducing the self/ideal discrepancies but termination in persecutory ideation. We conclude by discussing the implications of this model for the cognitive-behavioural treatment of psycho delusions.
Delusion, digit of the key symptoms of madness, has defied definition, being described as a belief, an incomprehensible phenomenon, and as an empty speech act. It was hypothesized that a careful investigation of its characteristics would aid categorization and help to see what makes it different from routine forms of belief. Philosophical texts (principally those of Locke, Hume, Newman, and James, together with more recent writings from "folk psychology") were surveyed to elicit belief characteristics which could then be introduced to established clinical tests. Seven qualities worn from the belief of mind were added to five borrowed from empirical science in an attempt to broaden the investigation of delusion. These revealed momentous differences between delusions held by schizophrenics, the overvalued ideas of anorectics, and the religious beliefs of a connatural accumulation of church attendees. This think shows not only that these phenomena are capable of careful analysis, but that ideas taken from belief can be profitably reapplied to complex questions of descriptive psychopathology. Keywords: abnormal belief, delusion, over valued idea.
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