Women have twice the prevalence of most phobia disorder than men - Causes and Pathophysiology

PHOBIC DISORDERS

Phobias are common conditions  in which intense fear is triggered by a single stimulus,or set of stimuli,that are predictable and normally cause no particular concern to  others (e.g agoraphobia ,claustrophobia ,social phobia ).This leads to avoidance  of the stimulus.The patient knows that the fear is irrational,but cannot control it. The prevalence of all phobias is 8% with many patients having more than one. Many phobias of 'medical' stimuli exist (e.g of doctors, dentist ,hospitals, vomit,blood and injections ) which affect the patient's ability to receive adequate healthcare .

Phobias are the most common form of anxiousness disorders. An dweller study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7% and 18.1% of Americans suffer from phobias. Broken down by geezerhood and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common mental sickness among women in every geezerhood groups and the second most common sickness among men older than .

Phobias are not mostly diagnosed if they are not specially distressing to the patient and if they are not frequently encountered. If a phobia is defined as "impairing to the individual", then it module be treated after being rhythmic in environment by the degree of severity. A super percent of the dweller accumulation is afraid of public speaking, which could range from mild uncomfortability, to an intense anxiousness that inhibits every social involvement.


PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Several theories are postulated for the natural etiology of phobic disorders, most focusing on the dysregulation of endogenous biogenic amines. Sympathetic troubled grouping activation is ordinary in phobic disorders, resulting in elevations in hunch rate and blood pressure, as substantially as symptoms such as tremor, palpitations, sweating, dyspnea, dizziness, and/or paresthesias.
Psychological theories range from explaining anxiety as a displacement of an intrapsychic conflict (psychodynamic models) to conditioning (learned) paradigms (the cognitive-behavior models). Many of these theories getting portions of the disorder.



AETIOLOGY

Phobias may be caused by classical conditioning,in which a response ( fear and avoidance ) becomes conditioned to a previously benign stimulus ( a lift ) often after an initiating shock ( being stuck in a lift ) .In children , phobias can arise though imagined threads (e.g stories of ghosts told  in the playground ). Women have twice the prevalence of most phobias than men.Phobias aggregate in families ,but genetic factors are probably weak.

Phobias are generally caused by an circumstance recorded by the amygdala and hippocampus and labeled as deadly or dangerous; thusly whenever a specific situation is approached again the body reacts as if the circumstance were happening repeatedly afterward. Treatment comes in some way or another as a replacing of the memory and reaction to the previous circumstance detected as deadly with something more realistic and based more rationally. In actuality most phobias are irrational, in the sense that they are intellection to be dangerous, but in actuality are not threatening to survival in any way.

Phobias are known as an emotional salutation learned because of difficult life experiences. Generally phobias occur when emotion produced by a threatening status is transmitted to another similar situations, patch the original emotion is ofttimes inhibited or forgotten. The excessive, unreasoning emotion of water, for example, may be supported on a childhood experience of almost drowning. The individual attempts to avoid that status in the future, a salutation that, patch reducing anxiousness in the short term, reinforces the connexion of the status with the onset of anxiety.

Phobias are more often than not linked to the amygdala, an Atlantic of the mentality located behind the pituitary gland in the limbic system. The amygdala secretes hormones that control fear and aggression. When the fear or aggression salutation is initiated, the amygdala releases hormones into the embody to put the human embody into an "alert" state, in which they are ready to move, run, fight, etc. This antitank "alert" land and salutation is generally referred to in psychology as the fight-or-flight response....... read more